How have tribes caused problems in the history of Islam?

The Islamic tribes have always caused conflict or problems in the religion of Islam. From the times of Muhammad to recent issues with the Sunnis and Shiites, the division of tribes and the people of one religion has been a conflict in itself. Obviously, any break up of a common people could result in problems. This is because they feel the need to be different, in order to stand out, and the other tribes or sections would see them as contrasting with the norm and their reactions would undeniably be filled with hatred. Problems like this could happen in any situation; not just tribes or religions. It happens all the time today, even in high school. For example, if all girls in our grade were friends but a few girls in that group decided  that they all like chocolate ice cream, while the others liked vanilla, and left the vanilla-loving girls to be by themselves, the pro-vanilla girls would become angry that people had left their group and problems and drama would start. Even though this is a very modern and less intense version of what happens with tribes in any type of group or situation, it still demonstrates the key factors of how problems can start if people begin to differ on very little subjects. Another huge issue that was brought to Islam because of tribes was that Muhammad was born into a very poor tribe, so he had a very tough time trying to win his way to the top. Because the poor had barely any say in society, Muhammad had to work harder than any other to reach his goal in trying to change Islam. Today, we see the conflict between the Sunnis and Shiites going on daily, just because of a couple differences in the way they see Islam and the world. They're all one people, can't they just all try to get along?

How has the religious history of India influenced India’s tradition of non-violence?

Hindus were very adamant about being nonviolent. One of their most important values, ahimsa, meaning "non-violence" is a vow of self-restraint and is taken very seriously by many Hindus. Hinduism bans killing or injuring any living being, including eating animals. Because Hinduism was all about pleasing the gods and following your role in life, ahimsa and being kind would result in good karmic rewards. The Mahabharata tells us that killing anything or anyone is not allowed, unless for ritual sacrifice. Most Hindus followed what their sacred texts had said, so killing and being peaceful didn't seem to be problematic for them. Also, according to the rule of dharma, if anyone deliberately killed an animal, they would be sentenced to be killed by an animal in their next life. Mohandas Gandhi, a very influential Hindu leader, started impacting the way Indians saw the world, being vegetarian and being non-violent became very important to Hinduism. Gandhi led many nonviolent protests and was very successful in bringing the ancient Hindu values back into the perspective of people everywhere. India's tradition of non-violence has influenced many cultures to be more peaceful, and Gandhi's morals has made 'ahisma' and being calm more modern than it would have been if we only learned about ancient India. 

Can migrations have a positive impact on the people and/or land receiving the immigrants?

 I do think that migrations and immigrants to new lands can have a positive impact on the land. Without new people and fresh ideas, our communities and social groups would just stagnate. The infusion of immigrants to a land results in new ideas, new innovations, and new traditions. By moving around and meeting new people, ideas and concepts having a higher chance of being acknowledged, therefore, society as a whole could become more and more developed as time goes on. For example, the immigration of Jews to America has resulted in health care for all of us, medical programs, women's rights, and many more positive influences to the United States. I would like to give more examples on this topic, but I think the point has been proven; There are many positive contributions from immigrants to new lands.